Línguas da Índia

O hindi (ou híndi), é uma língua indo-ariana, derivada do sânscrito e falada (junto com muitas outras) por 70% dos indianos, principalmente no norte, centro e oeste da Índia. É parte de uma continuidade dialetal da família indo-ariana fortemente associado a religião hindú.

Mais de 258 milhões de indianos consideram o hindi como sua língua materna, o que faz do hindi a quinta língua mais falada do mundo, mas não a única falada na Índia, que tem, após o Hindi, também o inglês e mais 21 línguas oficiais - entre cerca de 400 idiomas e dialetos falados cotidianamente nesse país incrível - rolando loucamente por mais de um bilhão de bocas indianas.

Imagino que as línguas dos tribales (índios da Índia) estejam incluídas nesse bolo de 400 inacreditáveis línguas.

Usa-se o abugida (escrita alfabeto-silábica) devanágari (em sânscrito: देवनागरी, transl. devanāgarī, de deva, "divindade", e nagari, "urbana": "[escrita] urbana dos deuses") para escrever e ler em hindi. Tudo isso foi estabelecido na década de 50, após a independência da Índia, para ajudar a manter a coesão nacional.

Mais:

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_da_%C3%8Dndia

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_l%C3%ADnguas_nacionais_da_%C3%8Dndia

Everyday Prases

• Hello - नमस्कार (namaskar) or namaste (नमस्ते)
• Goodbye -अलविदा (Alvida), चलता हूँ (chaltā hūⁿ)
• Please be seated- पधारिये। (Padhāriye.)
• See you again. - फिर मिलेंगे। (Phir mileⁿge.)
• Thank you - धन्यवाद (dhanyavād), शुक्रिया (śukriyā)
• It is nice to meet you, I felt good meeting you. - आप से मिल के ख़ुशी हुई, आप से मिल के अच्छा लगा। (Āp se mil ke ḫuśī huī, āp se mil ke acchā lagā.)
• Please take me to my hotel. - कृप्या मुझे मेरे होटल ले ___। (kripyā mujhe mere hoṭel le CH-LI-YE.)
• Where is the bathroom? - शौंचालय किधर है? (Śauncālay kidhar hai?)
• How much does this cost? - यह कितने का है? (Yeh kitne kā hai?)
• How is your health? How is it? What is going on? - क्या हाल है? कैसे हो/हैं? क्या चल रहा है? (Kyā hāl hai? Kaise ho/haiⁿ? Kyā chal rahā hai?
• Where's the phone? - फ़ोन कहाँ है? (Fon kahāⁿ hai?)
• Where are you? - किधर हो तुम? / कहाँ हो तुम? / कहाँ हैं आप? (Kidhar ho tum? / Kahān ho tum? / Kahān hain āp?)
• Can I sit here? (speaker is male) - क्या मैं यहाँ बैठ सकता हूँ? (Kyā main yahān baiṭ saktā hūn?)
• Can I sit here? (speaker is female) - क्या मैं यहाँ बैठ सकती हूँ? (Kyā main yahān baiṭ saktī hūn?)
• I need a (taxi, car, telephone, pen). - मुझे एक (टैक्सि, कार/गाड़ी, फ़ोन, क़लम/पेन) चाहिये। (Mujhe ek (ṭāksi, kār/gaṛī, fon, qalam/pen) cāhiye.)
• I need to go ./I will have to go.- मुझे जाना है mujhe jaana hai / मुझे जाना पड़ेगा mujhe jaana padega / मुझे जाना होगा mujhe jaana hoga
• You need/have to go - आपको जाना है aap ko jaana hai / आपको जाना पड़ेगा aap ko jaana padega / आपको जाना होगा aapko jaana hoga / तुम्हें जाना है tumhe jaana hai / तुझे जाना है tujhe jaana hai

Translation	Phrase	Transliteration
Hindi	हिन्दी	hindī
hello/goodbye (Hindu, north)	नमस्ते	namaste
hello/goodbye (Hindu, south)	नमस्कार	namaskār
hello/goodbye (Sikh)	सत श्री अकाल	sat śrī akāl
hello (Muslim)	अस्सलाम अलैकुम	assalām alaikum
hello (Muslim reply)	वालैकुम अस्सलाम	vālaikum assalām
goodbye (Muslim)	ख़ुदा हाफ़िज़	khuda hāfiz
please* (Urdu)	मेहरबानी करके	mehrbānī karke
please*	कृपया	kṛipaya
thank you* (Sanskrit origin)	धन्यवाद	dhanyavād
thank you* (Arabic origin)	शुक्रिया	śukriyā
thank you very much	बहुत बहुत धन्यवाद/शुक्रिया	bahut bahut dhanyavād/śukriyā
you're welcome (don’t mention it)	कोई बात नहीं	koī bāt nahīn
excuse me, sorry, please forgive me	माफ़ कीजिये	māf kījiye
excuse me (lit. please listen)	ज़रा सुनिये	zarā suniye
yes	जी हाँ	jī hān
no/not	जी नहीं	jī nahīn
good!/awesome!/oh.../really?!/well!	अच्छा!	acchā!
(all-purpose adj./interj.)
How are you?	आप कैसे/कैसी हैं?	āp kaise/kaisī hai?
		(male/female respondent)
Okay!	ठीक है!	ṭhīk hai!
one minute! (“just a sec”; interj.)	एक मिनट	ek minaṭ
I don’t understand	मैं नहीं समझा/समझी	main nahīn samjha/samjhī (m/f)
I don’t know	मैं नहीं जानता/जानती हूँ	main nahīn jāntā/jāntī hun (m/f)
English	अंग्रेज़ी	angrezī
what is your name?	आप का नाम क्या है?	āp kā nām kyā hai?
my name is ...	मेरा नाम ... है	mera nām ... hai
It was nice to meet you	आप से मिलकर बहुत ख़ुशी हुई	āp se milkar bahut khuśī huī
It was nice to meet you too (lit. to me also)	मुझे भी	mujhe bhī
Do you speak English?	क्या आप अंग्रेज़ी बोलते/बोलती है?	kyā āp angrezī bolte/boltī (m/f) hain?

• *These are not used nearly as casually in Hindi and Urdu as they are in western languages. कृपया especially is used only in cases of true importance or urgency, and using it otherwise would sound incredibly stilted and formal. Instead, politeness is achieved by proper address and verb forms and body language/tone of voice.

Actions

• To make a phone call: PHONE KAR-NAA.

Hindi uses two forms of address. One is honoring and the other is common. Honoring address is used when talking to first acquaintances, unfamiliar people, and to elders (relations and age).... Examples include

1. Where are you? => aap kahan hain
2. What is your name? => aapka naam kya hai , aapka naam jaan sakta hoon?
3. Please have a seat. => kripya baithiye, virajiye

The common type of address is used with friends and those of the same age group with whom one is familiar.... Examples include

1. Where are you? => kahan ho?
2. What is your name? => tumhara naam kya hai,
3. Have a seat. => baitho, baith.

For Hindi learners, it is better to stick to the first type of address.

Hindi speakers normally use 'namaste' or 'namaskar' for all occasions (meaning good morning/afternoon/day/evening/night) especially with honorific use, although these may also be used:

• good morning => su-pra-bhaa't
• good evening => shubh-sun-dhyaa
• good night => shubh raat-ri

Simple words

• Help: मदद (madad), सहायता (sahāyata)
• Doctor: डाक्टर (ḍākṭar), चिकित्सक, (cikitsak)
• Police: पोलिस (polis)
• Pharmacy: दवाख़ाना (davāḫānā), चिकित्सालय (cikitsālaya)
• Taxi: टैक्सी (ṭaiksī)
• Train: ट्रेन (ṭren), रेल (rel), रेलगाड़ी (relgāṛī)
• Subway: सबवे (sabwe), भूमिगत पैदल पार पथ (bhūmigat paidal pār path)
• Bus: बस (bas)
• Street: सड़क (saṛak)
• Way: रास्ता (rāstā), राह (rāh), मार्ग (mārg)
• Left: बायाँ (bāyāⁿ)
• To the left: बाएँ (bāeⁿ)
• Right: दायाँ (dāyāⁿ)
• To the right: दाएँ (dāeⁿ)
• Middle: बीच (bīc), मध्य (madhya)
• In the middle: बीच में (bīc meⁿ), बीचों बीच (bīcoⁿ bīc)
• Under, below: नीचे (nīce) (pronounced NEE-CHE, not like English "nice")
• Beef: गाए का गोश्त (gāe kā gośt)
• Chicken: चिकन (cikan), मुर्ग़ (murġ)
• Fish: मछली (machlī)
• Pork: सुअर का गोश्त (suar kā gośt)
• Veal: बछडे (bachde)
• Broil: भूनना (bhūnnā)
• Bake (v.): सेकना (seknā)
• Baked: सिका (sikā), सेंका (seⁿkā)
• Boil (v.): उबालना (ubālnā)
• Boiled: उबला (ublā)
• Fry (v.): तलना (talnā)
• Fried: तला (talā)
• Vegetable: सबज़ी (sabzī)
• Salad: सलाद (salād)
• Bread: रोटी (roṭī)
• Cheese: पनीर (panīr) (A fresh cheese, closer to curd. True, cured cheeses are rare in India.)
• Rice: चावल (cāwal)
• Potato: आलू (ālū)
• Chick peas: चना (canā)
• Pickle: अचार (acār)
• Soup: सूप (sūp)
• Chocolate: चाकलेट (cākaleṭ)
• Dessert: मिठाई (miṭhāī)
• Coffee: काफ़ी (kāfī)
• Tea: चाय (chāi)
• Milk: दूध (dūdh)
• Water: पानी (pānī), जल (jal)

Phrases

नमस्ते (namaste) - a standard greeting (literally means "I bow to you")

नमस्कार (namaskār) - a standard greeting

आप कैसे हैं? (Āp kaise haiⁿ?) - How are you?

आप का नाम क्या है? (Āp kā nām kyā hai?) - What is your name?

आप कहाँ जा रहे हैं? (Āp kahāⁿ jā rahe haiⁿ?) - Where are you going?

शुक्रिया (shukriyā) - thanks

बहुत बहुत शुक्रिया (bahut bahut shukriyā) - thanks a lot

आपका बहुत बहुत शुक्रिया (āpka bahut bahut shukriyā) - thank you so much

प्रणाम (pranām) - a greeting, similar to नमस्ते (namaste) but used for much older or respectful people

सही (sahī) - nice, right, good

बहुत सही (bahut sahī) - very good

आप की उम्र (āp kī umr) - your age

आप का नाम (āp kā nām) - your name

आप का पता (āp kā patā) - your address

आज कैसा मौसम है? (Āj kaisā mausam hai?) - How is the weather today?

बैठिये (bathiye) - have a seat

और सबज़ी लेंगे? (Aur sabzī leⁿge?) - Will you have more vegetables?

और चावल लीजिये। (Aur chāwal lījiye.) - Have more rice.

थोड़ी देर इन्तज़ार कीजिये। (Thoṛī der intzār kījiye.) - Wait for some time.

ठहरिये (ṭhahriye) - wait a little

समय क्या है? (Samay kyā hai?) - What's the time? how many time ?